Porter’s 5 Forces Essay

The model of the Five Competitive Forces was developed by Michael E. Porter in his book „Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitorsâ€Å"in 1980. Since that time it has become an important tool for analyzing an organizations industry structure in strategic processes. Porter’s model is based up on the insight that a corporate strategy should meet the opportunities and threats in the organizations external environment. Competitive strategy should be developed based upon forecasting of the available information on the developing competitive environment and other threats faced .Porter was able to identify five competitive forces that that shapes the different industry and market. Porter five forces do was able to interpret the intensity of the competition and also the profitability and attractiveness of an industry. The corporate strategy is devised to improve the position of the respective industry in there market position as well as in brand form. Porter’s model provides the analysis of the driving forces in an industry. Based on the information derived from the Five Forces Analysis, management can decide on how to influence or to exploit particular characteristics of their industry. The Five Competitive Forces The Five Competitive Forces are typically described as follows: 1 Bargaining Power of Suppliers Suppliers comprises of all the sources for inputs that are needed in order to provide/produce goods or services. Supplier bargaining power is likely to be high when: 1. The market is dominated by a few large suppliers rather than a fragmented source of supply, 2. There are no substitutes for the particular input, 3. The suppliers customers are fragmented, so their bargaining power is low, 4. The switching costs from one supplier to another are high, 5. There is the possibility of the supplier integrating forwards in order to obtain higher prices and margins. This threat is especially high when 6. The buying industry has a higher profitability than the supplying industry, 7. Forward integration provides economies of scale for the supplier, 8. The buying industry hinders the supplying industry in their development (e.g. reluctance to accept new releases of products), 9. The buying industry has low barriers to entry. In these situations, the buying industry does face a high pressure on margins from their suppliers. The relationship to powerful suppliers can enormously reduce strategic options for the organization. 2 Bargaining Power of Customers Similarly, the bargaining power of customers determines how much customers can influence pressure on margins and volumes. Customers bargaining power is likely to be high when 1. They buy large volumes, there is a concentration of buyers, 2. The supplying industry comprises a large number of small operators 3. The supplying industry operates with high fixed costs, 4. The product is undifferentiated and can be replaces by substitutes, 5. Switching to an alternative product is relatively simple and is not related to high costs, 6. Customers have low margins and are price-sensitive, 7. Customers could produce the product themselves, 8. The product is not of strategically importance for the customer, 9. The customer knows about the production costs of the product 10. There is the possibility for the customer integrating backwards. 3 Threat of New Entrants If the competition in an industry is higher, the easier it is for other companies to enter this industry. In such situations, new entrants could create major determinants of the market environment (e.g. market shares, prices, customer loyalty) at any time. There is always pressure for reaction and adjustment for existing players in the industry. The threat of new entries will depend on the extent to which there are barriers to entry. These are typically 1. Economies of scale (minimum size requirements for profitable operations), 2. High initial investments and fixed costs, 3. Cost advantages of existing players due to experience curve effects of operation with fully depreciated assets, 4. Brand loyalty of customers 5. Protected intellectual property like patents, licenses etc, 6. Scarcity of important resources, e.g. qualified expert staff 7. Access to raw materials is controlled by existing players, 8. Distribution channels are controlled by existing players, 9. Existing players have close customer relations, e.g. from long-term service contracts, 10. High switching costs for customers 11. Legislation and government action 4 Threat of Substitutes A threat from substitutes exists if there is an alternative product with lower prices of better performance parameters for the same purpose. This could attract a significant proportion of market volume and hence reduce the sales volume for existing players. This category also relates to complementary products. Similarly to the threat of new entrants, the treat of substitutes is determined by factors like 1. Brand loyalty of customers, 2. Close customer relationships, 3. Switching costs for customers, 4. The relative price for performance of substitutes, 5. Current trends. 5 Competitive Rivalry between Existing Players This force describes the intensity of competition between existing players (companies) in an industry. High competitive pressure results in pressure on pricing, margins, and also, on profitability for every single company in the industry. Competition between existing players is likely to be high when 1. There are many players of about the same size, 2. Players have similar strategies 3. There is not much differentiation between players and their products, hence, there is much price competition 4. Low market growth rates (growth of a particular company is possible only at the expense of a competitor), 5. Barriers for exit are high (e.g. expensive and highly specialized equipment). Use of the Information from Five Forces Analysis Five Forces Analysis can provide valuable information for three aspects of corporate planning: Statistical Analysis: The Five Forces Analysis allows the user to determine the attractiveness of an industry. Also, it provides visibility on profitability. Thus, it helps to decide about the entry or exit from an industry or a market segment. Moreover, the model can be used to compare the impact of competitive forces on the own organization with their impact on competitors. Competitors may have different options to react to changes in competitive forces from their different resources and competences. This may influence the structure of the whole industry. Dynamical Analysis: If done along with a PEST-Analysis, which provides the drivers for change in an industry, Five Forces Analysis can help to give insights on the potential future attractiveness of the industry. Expected political, economical, socio-demographical and technological changes can influence the five competitive forces and thus have impact on industry structures. In general term to determine potential changes in competitive forces. Analysis of Options: With this knowledge on intensity and power of competitive forces, organizations could develop options to control them in a way so to improve  their own competitive position. The result could be a new strategic decision, e.g. a new positioning, differentiation for competitive products of strategic partnerships. Thus, Porters model of Five Competitive Forces gives a systematic and structured analysis on market and their structure and what likely be competitive situation. The model can be used on particular companies, market segments, industries or regions. Hence, it is needed to determine the scope of the market to be analyzed in a first step. Then, all relevant forces for this market are identified and analyzed. Though, it is not necessary to analyze all elements of all competitive forces with the same depth. The Five Forces Model is based on microeconomics. It also takes into account the supply and demand, complementary products and substitutes, the relationship between volume of production and cost of production, and market structures like monopoly, oligopoly or perfect competition etc. Influencing the Power of Five Forces After the analysis of current and potential future state of the five competitive forces, Users can search for options on how these forces influences in their organization’s interest. Although industry-specific business models will limit options, the own strategy can create different impact of competitive forces on organizations. The objective is to reduce the influence of competitive forces. The following figure provides some examples. They are of general nature. Hence, they have to be adjusted to each organization’s specific situation. The options of an organization are determined not only by the external market environment, but also by its own internal resources, competences and objectives. 4.1 Reducing the Bargaining Power of Suppliers 4.2 Reducing the Bargaining Power of Customers 1. Partnering 2. Supply chain management 3. Supply chain training 4. Increase dependency 5. Build knowledge of supplier costs and methods 6.   Take over a supplier 1. Partnering 2. Supply chain management 3. Increase loyalty 4. Increase incentives and value added 5. Move purchase decision away from price 6. Cut put powerful intermediaries (go directly to customer) 4.3 Reducing the Treat of New Entrants 4.4 Reducing the Threat of Substitutes 1. Increase minimum efficient scales of operations 2. Create a marketing / brand image (loyalty as a barrier) 3. Patents, protection of intellectual property 4. Alliances with linked products / services 5. Tie up with suppliers 6. Tie up with distributors 7. Retaliation tactics 1. Legal actions 2. Increase switching costs 3. Alliances 4. Customer surveys to learn about their preferences 5. Enter substitute market and influence from within 6. Accentuate differences (real or perceived) Drawbacks Porter’s model of Five Competitive Forces has been subject of critique for many years. Its main weakness results from which year it was developed. In the early eighties, the global economy. was characterized by cyclical growth Thus, primary objectives consisted of profitability and survival. A major prerequisite for achieving these objectives has been optimizing strategy in relation to the external environment. In early days, development  in most industries has been fairly stable and predictable, compared with today’s dynamics. In general, the meaningfulness of this model is reduced by the following factors: a. In the economic sense, the model assumes a classic perfect market. The more an industry is regulated, the less meaningful insights the model can deliver. b. The model is best applicable for analysis of simple market structures. A comprehensive description and analysis of all five forces gets very difficult in complex industries with multiple interrelations, product groups, by-products and segments. A too narrow focus on particular segments of such industries, however, bears the risk of missing important elements. c. The model assumes relatively static market structures. This is hardly the case in today’s dynamic markets. Technological breakthroughs and dynamic market entrants from start-ups or other industries may completely change business models, entry barriers and relationships along the supply chain within short times. The Five Forces model may have some use for later analysis of the new situation; but it will hardly provide much meaningful advice for preventive actions. d. The model is based on the idea of competition. It assumes that companies try to achieve competitive advantages over other players in the markets as well as over suppliers or customers. With this focus, it dos not really take into consideration strategies like strategic alliances, electronic linking of information systems of all companies along a value chain, virtual enterprise-networks or others. Overall, Porters Five Forces Model still has some major limitations in today’s market environment. It is not able to take into account new business models and the dynamics of markets. The value of Porters model is more that it enables managers to think about the current situation of their industry in a structured, easy-to-understand way – as a starting point for further analysis. Case Analysis Facebook Facebook (formerly [thefacebook]) is an online social networking service headquartered in Menlo Park, California. Its name comes from a colloquialism for the directory given to students at some American  universities.] Facebook was founded on February 4, 2004, by Mark Zuckerberg with his college roommates and fellow Harvard University studentsEduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes. The founders had initially limited the website’s membership to Harvard students, but later expanded it to colleges in the Boston area, the Ivy League, andStanford University. It gradually added support for students at various other universities and later to their high-school students Porters Five Force analysis on Facebook 1. The Power of Consumer Here customers are those company which are advertising in facebook. Being a large social network , it attracts a large number of advertisers who want to advertise in the platform. Hence, , the bargaining power of customer is low. , in later years if there is a new competion emergence power balance can vary. 2. The power of supplier: Users are the suppliers,As of 2012 report the users numbers are more than 1 billion globally. the power of suppliers is low. Here the suppliers have no other customer , that is there is no other availiable social sites hence they have to stand by facebook for the time being. 3. The threat of substitute products There are many upcoming products which is providing servie similar to that of facebook. Products such as Skype, WhatsApp, Google+, etc. are always a danger being substitutes for Facebook. Hence, the threat of substitute product is high. To maintain dominance, they always have to stay ahead of the tech ,also the trend and outperform possible substitute products. 4. The threat of new entrants The chance of new entray is high. There are always disruptive innovations happening in the social space. As a result new similar products keep creeping. Facebook especially needs to improve its product 5. The competitive rivalry: The field of social network is highly competitive. The most recent example was when Google launched social network Google+ that could be accessed by all Gmail users through the web as well as Android devices. Although Google+ has not been greatly successful in outwitting Facebook, we cannot rightly predict what lies ahead in future. Hence, the competitive rivalry that Facebook faces is high. REFERENCES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook http://www.slideshare.net/manan/firm-strategy-analysis-facebook http://www.businessballs.com/portersfiveforcesofcompetition.htm

Internet Cafe Feasibility

Introduction Nowadays, internet cafe is really in demand because of the fast changing technology that the people embraced. It continues to play a larger role in all aspects of life, people and especially student's needs to have knowledge to navigate the genealogical world with skill and knowing their responsibilities.An internet cafe is an area that provides internet access to the public that has time rate. Internet cafe is known as one method of communication, we use it for reading news headlines, searching, play electronic games, chatting with family and friends, watching, and etc,. It is recorded that the world's first Internet cafe belongs to Cafe Siberia which opened in London, England in September 1, 1994. It was founded by Eva Papoose who got the business idea of serving coffee to customers who are surfing the web while tinting at a coffee shop near the City University of London where she was taking her PHD degree.She started Cafe Siberia with six HP computers which are connec ted to the Internet through dial-up modems that were able to transfer rate of 9. 6 kilobits of data per second. The proposed business plan named â€Å"HIGH FIVE INTERNET CAFE† since the business primary role is to provide high quality service and the implementing unit is composed of five members. Rationale Providing internet cafe is a project we come up to suffice the demand of computer shop in different places has. With the heave of population every year, less computer shop is not sufficient for the future demands of community.This project is very additional and appropriate to be used. It is also comprises of stored different application and software that suitable to the people and especially for student needed. This place will also fully air conditioned and very secure to maintain good service and qualities of the computers. Project Description The computer units in the Internet cafe are consists of different applications and software like Microsoft Office Word, Microsoft O ffice Power Point, Microsoft Office Excel, and etc. Every unit has installed mainly needed software, applications and games. We proposed this project for the following reasons: To provide high quality and high standard computers for the future demands of customers. For customers' needs especially for the students. Allows people to communicate to their love one. Objectives To be able to acquire the computer system that will meet the expectation and needs of the computer users. To be able to prove that the proposed business will provide benefits to people. Significance of the StudyThe significance of this project is to help the society specifically to those where interests lies in the computers area. This area will be renting near schools, were our target customers are mainly students and nearby neighborhood especially those people whose relatives or loved ones are on abroad and find it very convenient communicating with them through chat and email. We make our customer comfortable, g ood music is well provided, the PC's is all well organized and arrange properly according to their rows for the convenience of our customer.Each computer has their own games, internet and surfing to be chosen by our customer, and it should be accessible to all users. Implementing Schedule Major Activities Project Proposal Strategies Time Frame Submission and approval of the Pro- April 5-6, 2014 eject Finding Equipments and Assurance for high quality equipment April 7-12, 2014 Location Construction and Set-up Preparation for the necessity of the April 14-30, 2014 equipments customers Submission of the Preparation and presentation of the April 31, 2014 Proposal Project 5 by 5 Square Meters Topology

Contemporary management issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contemporary management issues - Essay Example Taylor’s Scientific Management theory became popular not only in USA but also all over the world. But historians have shown the reaction of British engineers to the Scientific Management Theory in a wrong light (i.e. British engineers resented Taylor’s theory). In reality, British engineers did not completely disregard the theory and Taylor’s theory received praise and attention in Britain just like it had in America. This theory provided learning to British engineers and they greatly benefitted from it (Whitston, 1997). The crux of Taylor’s theory of Scientific Management is efficiency, which serves to be beneficial for the entrepreneur and the workers both. The logic behind this is quite simple as increased efficiency brings in more profits and the entrepreneur can give more wages to workers and will be left with a handsome amount after that. He also clarifies that the solution to inefficiency lies in systematic management, and searching for an extraordi nary man will not solve this problem. It was also claimed by him that management is a science confined within rules, laws and fundamentals (Jordan, 1994). But considering only the profits and wages dimensions of the benefits of efficiency is quite a narrow approach. Efficiency is far beyond both and it is achieved when each business unit is performing in the most efficient way possible and the workers are performing at the highest level of efficiency. Since efficiency has advantages to owners and workers both, it is also necessary that the goals of the two are in the same direction. There should be cooperation from the businessman’s end as well as the worker’s end. Taylor was ahead of his time and encouraged owners of businesses to have a democratic style, as opposed to an autocratic style. When owners let their employees voice their workplace problems, conflicts and opinions, a sense of belonging is instilled in employees and they work hard and own the organization. F rom the workers end, they should show diligence and honesty in work and negate the exaggerated notions of exploitation. Sometimes workers get the feeling that they are working hard so that the owner can make huge profits. What they fail to see is that their wages are linked to owner’s high profits. Efficiency in the production industry is not limited to the efficiency of workers only. In economics, productive efficiency is defined as producing a given output at the lowest cost possible or producing more output with the limited amount of resources. Taylor’s efficiency also incorporates minimum cost of machines, overheads, raw materials etc. When there is room for efficiency and an organization is not making use of it then it is only missing a profitable opportunity because higher efficiency leads to higher profits. Workers need to grow in order to attain efficiency. Workers grow and develop when owners invest in human capital through training, workshops and mentoring. T his empowers the workers and they are in a better position to be efficient. If Taylor’s Scientific Management is applied at macro level, then investment in human capital can increase the productive capacity of a nation because of higher overall efficiency. Sometimes efficiency does not increase even though a firm is investing in training. This is because workers deliberately loiter and there are hold-ups in the production process due to this. This term is known as ‘

Marketing Across Cultures Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing Across Cultures - Case Study Example In fact, besides gender, culture is probably the biggest determinant of global marketing techniques. For example, Asians are known to be very conservative in fashion and indulgence. They do not like â€Å"loud† clothes, muscle cars, and they are cuisine is minimalist in nature. A global fashion giant may design and market summer clothes in North America, Europe and Latin America but launch entirely different designs of the same clothes in Japan. This is because it is aware of what sells in Japan, and it is dictated by culture. Film studio companies launch movies in some parts of Asia and Eastern Europe with some parts edited to avoid antagonising those populations and record low sales. Culture is therefore a major factor in global marketing; it is central to most global marketing strategies (Migliore, 2011:40). Introduction of a laptop in China and Thailand would probably require the sale of operating systems in languages that are common in those languages. For example, English is not the dominant language in the two countries, so the operating system would have to be in a culturally conducive language. In Nigeria, on the other hand, English is the main form of official communication; therefore the operating system would be in English. In China and Thailand, it is possible that certain colours are associated with negative connotations like bad omen (Migliore, 2011:52). Consequently, these colours would be avoided when introducing laptops lest sales be negatively affected. In Nigeria, on the other hand, laptops can be introduced in all possible colours because it means nothing to most

How airlines have been effected by the economic recession and how they Essay

How airlines have been effected by the economic recession and how they adapted - Essay Example ironment of cutthroat business, the company must adapt dynamic strategies within the broader paradigm of ethical consideration which would meet the shrinking pocket of the customer. At the same time, the strategic plans must also ensure comfortable margin of profit for the companies. Hence, airlines are being creative in the following ways: Dynamic pricing as per the demands of the customers have become the most common strategy of the airlines. Low fare strategy and giving fringe benefits with higher fare has become popular as it attracts not only those customers who work within the defined budgets but also the premium class who an afford extra. Interesting some airlines have also started offering different classes like business class, executive, economic and premium economic depending on the legroom and extra facilities like free drink, enclosed cabin, etc. Customers are being offered innovative packages and arrangement within flights. While some airlines like Virgin offer personal space by allotting front row for business class, others like British Airways is giving its premium economy class more privacy, space and comfort in a secluded cabin. Kay (1995) says that business relationships are linkages that promote organizational growth. Airlines are evolving new ways of earning and seasonal tickets for defined tourist places are being offered at flexible prices. Thus, airlines are also forging alliances with leisure market, corporate world etc. to boost their revenue. In the current times, food and drinks that were taken for granted on long routes have now become charged items. The local airlines and some international airlines have started charging for the food and drinks from the customers. The airlines compensate the financial loss on low fare by charging exorbitantly on eatables on flight. Space allocation or leg room has become a scarce item. The airlines have increasingly been charging customers for extra legroom and for preferred seat like window or

Are women better of today than they were fifty years ago Research Paper

Are women better of today than they were fifty years ago - Research Paper Example A brief account of how women were treated and hat their position was five decades ago from now, can be obtained with reference to Betty Friedan’s writing in the book titled â€Å"The Feminine Mystique†. Critics have been arguing regarding the contribution of the book in Women’s liberation movements back in the 1960s. Undoubtedly, the book had been a benchmark in feminist literary developments to make the society realize what the actual problem was in positioning women as a strictly homely character. THESIS STATEMENT This thesis aims to elaborate on the position of women fifty years ago in comparison to that their social position now. Betty Friedan’s arguments and discussions in her â€Å"The Feminine Mystic† have thus been referred in this context. Providing a rational account, this thesis aims at obtaining an insight as to whether women were better five decades ago or they are now. DISCUSSION Life Of The Women In The Past Decades – As narrat ed in Betty Friedan’s â€Å"The Feminine Mystic†, the life of the women in the 20th century revolved round their family. Their ambitions and desires were not treated with importance in the society. In a poignant manner, the book verses about the weak self-consciousness and the dominated position of women in the later period of World War II until the 1960s. Women were, back then, portrayed as a character who either willfully or through social pressures were obligated to sacrifice and abandon their career for the sake of their family. The book by Friedan was extensively credited fifty years ago for kindling the women movement of the 1960’s in order to obtain a better accomplished life. The women of the 20th century were not given equal status in the society; they were lacking self-motivation and the support from their family for a better life outside their personal boundaries, such as in politics. The traditional believe that women cannot pursue any career and tha t they are better off as wife and mother, restricted them from taking initiatives to be independent before five decades. During that period, women also lacked attitude that they can be a decision maker and that they can lead an independent life. They had a dependent mentality and hence lacked the feeling of fulfillment and accomplishment (Coontz, â€Å"Why Gender Equality Stalled†). As argued by Friedan in her book, the real problem for women being dominated fifty years ago was their weak self-consciousness; in other words, the problem was more within the then women than it was within the orthodox social structure. Addressing the inherent feminist issue in the 1960s’s society, the book by Friedan undoubtedly works out a juncture for the development of women; their personification and the way they used to be pictured. Subsequently, it contributed to the Women’s liberation movement in the 1960s, rewarding a breakthrough in the approach and attitude of women. When going through the book now, one can easily codify the antiquated societal structure 50 years ago, which many will argue to have changed extensively in today’s world, while others may not. As was obvious in the later period of the 20th century, a certain change in the attitude and behavior of women was observed along with their attempt to augment their self-esteem in comparison to the male members of the society. Indeed, the

Water clock Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Water clock - Research Paper Example However this is not the case and many experiments are underway all around the globe to find the best product possible which can wake up an individual as ordinary alarms do not do the trick when it comes to waking them up from sleep. The product that has been chosen for the sake of this paper is that of a water clock which is in the form of a top lamp. It aims to spill water on to the sleeper if he does not get up and avoids using the alarm so that he could get an extra dose of sleep in the early hours of the morning. This paper will discuss the basis of a water clock and how it has been studied from the aspect of four dimensions of the marketing – product, price, place and promotion. The water clock runs with electricity and is basically an alarm clock. It is different from other clocks because it has a water tank fitted inside it. However this water tank is small in size and does not take that much space. The water clock is an interesting idea because it helps the sleeper to wake up and get on his toes immediately. The basic intention is to make him feel all soggy so that shall wake him up quickly. Some people find it hard to digest the fact that they would be spilled with water so early in the morning; however the advantages of such a water clock cannot be denied at all, especially if the sleeper believes in having deep sleep patterns. The water clock acts as a deterrent to sleeping for long period of time, thus offering a chance to the sleeper to be on his toes instantly. As far as comparing it with other products in the market is concerned, the water clock acts as a product that is one step ahead of them. Other products make use of the cell (alkaline battery ) technology while this water clock is run through electricity alone. Hence if the cells go off in the middle of the night, the sleeper can still be assured that his water clock will wake him up early in the morning, at his own designated time. The

Consumer Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Consumer Behavior - Essay Example 10 billion (Consumer Electronics, 2010). The market offers unique opportunities for cutting-edge consumer electronic products by serving as a platform for research & development on technology and by providing the business infrastructure to stimulate and capitalize on the concept of innovation. The citizens of UK spend more on innovative electronic products compared to any other EU country. These products include mobile handsets, HD-ready TVs and Blu-Ray players. Due to its promotions in consumer electronics UK is renowned for its innovations in engineering, electronic designs and optoelectronics as it serves a hub for the technological excellence in consumer electronics. Company Overview Meituxian (Guangzhou) Electronics Co. Ltd is a privately owned company, with its head office in Guangzhou China. The company is renowned to be high-tech enterprise with keen focus on R&D, manufacturing, sales and after sales service of its range of LCD TVs. The company has patented products which inc lude: Wardrobe LCD TV, Waterproof Mirror LCD TV, Network LCD TV and Hotel LCD TV. Since its inception in the year 2005 the company has managed to maintain a close collaboration, integrating technology exchange with domestic enterprises. The company now has well equipped facility and a high-speed automated production line. The company maintains a quality standard and adheres to ISO 9001 for the standardization of its production operations, thus ensuring to deliver high-quality products to the customer. This is quality consciousness is entrusted to the employees as â€Å"quality is the life of an enterprise†, thus bringing out the best quality in the company brand â€Å"MEIXIAN†. The company also believes in delivering technologically efficient after-sales service adhering to the philosophy of â€Å"Thoughtful, Dedicated, and Adequate† that is the preferences of the customers thus delivering more customer-centric service in order to maximize customer satisfaction (MEITUXIAN) Product Meituxian Electronics has had first-movers advantage in the industry by introducing its state-of-the art technical and innovative TV Ranges to the market. Its huge product range of LED and LCD TVs incorporates a combination of innovation and advanced technology with its integrated features. MEIXIAN TV Meituxian’s Meixian TV integrates IPTV (Internet Protocol TV) with regular TV functions. It is the TV that integrates internet and access to web channels, unlike the other TVs that have internet portal, Meixian’s service is a lot more comprehensive. It gives access to various internet channels including YouTube application, media streaming from other networks and social networking sites such as twitter and facebook on the TV screen.   The network can be accessed through a cable or a WiFi dongle that can be plugged into the USB port. The network setup is easy and user-friendly and the remote has a dedicated button to access the internet. The Aesthetic s are the ultimate feature of the TV that combine the domestic specialties

Beauty of Women Essay Example for Free

Beauty of Women Essay Proposal: I have chosen to write about the comparison between the cultures that produced the Venus de Willendorf with the culture that produces the Barbie doll. While writing about the two cultures, I will describe some common themes the Paleolithic culture and the modern culture share; what our modern culture has adopted and those things it has rejected of which the Paleolithic culture held to high standards. Most important through my writing I will show you how much our world views have changed from the era of the Venus de Willendorf to the modern world view of what the ideal woman should look like and how the view of beauty should not be as superficial as the modern culture makes it out to be. Outline: 1. Intro a. â€Å"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder†, this saying can be proven by looking at the different cultures throughout the ages. Beauty of a woman is much more than what she looks like, it is also what a woman’s body can produce and withstand, what is within her. Past cultures show us something that our modern culture tends to forget; that beauty of a woman is more than what she may look like, a woman’s beauty is something that should be adorned. 2. Body b. Common themes between the Paleolithic culture’s views on beauty vs. the modern world’s view i. One common theme on the view of beauty between the Paleolithic culture and the modern world is that both cultures worship a woman’s beauty; each in their own way. c. Some differences between the view of beauty between the Paleolithic culture and modern culture. ii. The most obvious difference between the two cultures is the size/shape of a woman. In the Paleolithic culture an ideal woman’s shape is volumpsous, full figured; but in the modern culture, the ideal woman’s shape is thin with large breast and well preserved. d. How the view of a woman’s beauty has changed between the Paleolithic culture and modern culture iii. Beauty in the Paleolithic culture largely revolved around reproduction, sustaining life; while beauty in the modern world is about preserving, extending life. e. Conclusion iv. Throughout the ages and the different cultures the regard for a woman’s beauty has changed in some ways, but has stayed the same in others. No matter what the beholder believes beauty to be, the one constant of a woman’s beauty in all cultures and throughout time is that it can be a very powerful thing.

Safeguarding Essay Example for Free

Safeguarding Essay Physical abuse is when someone hurts another person with deliberate harm by hitting throwing burning or slapping signs of physical abuse can be bruising, cuts, broken bones or other injuries. Sexual abuse is when someone is persuaded or forced to be involved in sexual activities or are encouraged to act in inappropriate ways. Signs of sexual abuse can be self harm, change in appearance, behaviour changes e. g. becoming withdrawn committing crimes. Emotional and psychological abuse can be any act that affects mental wellbeing or that it’s leading someone to believe something will happen, this can include bullying, being ignored, humiliated or manipulated in to doing something. Signs for this type of abuse can be low confidence, unable to trust, difficulty forming relationships. Financial abuse is when someone mistreats or uses fraud to control another with their finances forcibly. This can be by stealing, preventing them from working or by taking control of all financial decisions. Signs of financial abuse are unpaid bills, no money for food, clothing or medicine or money missing from the bank. Institutional abuse is failure of an organization to provide appropriate and professional service to vulnerable people e. g. policies and procedures, poor care standards, things that may take away choice, dignity and rights. Signs of abuse maybe inflexible and non negotiable routines, lack of consideration of dietary requirements. Self neglect is when people fail to attend their basic needs such as personal hygiene, feeding or failing to tend to medical conditions they have signs may include, Malnourishment, Dehydration, Confusion, Inappropriate, clothing or Under or over medication. Neglect by others is the failure to provide adequate care, nutrition, medical care or any other needs they are unable to do for themselves. Signs of this type of abuse may include over sedation, bed sores deprivation of meals causing malnutrition and untreated medical conditions. Everyone has a professional and moral duty to report any witnessed or suspected abuse to their line manager, which should be then referred to social services so that every case can be assessed right away. You can also report suspected or actual abuse using the whistle blowing policy. If someone tells you they are being abused sit and listen to them and let them know it’s your responsibility to report it straight away to stop it from happening. When talking to them repeat back to them what they have told you to make sure it’s correct to make sure you have the full facts of their complaint. To ensure evidence of abuse is kept safe all evidence should be kept in a lockable cupboard/place, and only those that would know that it was there would only be people that needed to know about it. There are national policies that set of requirements for safe guarding individuals they are * Care quality commissions (CQC) they are the regulator for all health and social care services in England. A regulator is an organisation that checks services meet the government’s standards or rules about care. * Mental capacity act, its primary purpose is to provide a legal framework for acting and making decisions on behalf of adults who lack the capacity to make particular decisions for themselves. The local and organizational systems for safe guarding are * Care quality commissions. * Social services. * Multi disciplinary team can include doctors and nurses. * Families. * Next of kin. Different agencies and professionals that are involved in safe guarding individuals are * the council – to protect the people that use their service to make sure they are safe * social workers – to investigate actual or suspected abuse and neglect * CRB checks – to check that individual pasts don’t pose a threat and that they don’t have any criminal convictions that could be a risk * Police – for anything criminal like assault, fraud or theft. * Medical professionals e. g. octors nurses – they can diagnose and treat and record this can include photographic evidence * CQC – to regulate and check care providers are meeting standards * Support workers/ any care giver – they work closely with individuals to notice changes of behaviour or other things like bruising. A social care workers role is to ensure that vulnerable people get the care they require to standards met by national and local organizations they have a duty protect individuals from harm and are responsible for ensuring that services and support are delivered in ways that are high quality and safe. All health and social care providers (e. g. health authorities and social services departments) and all associations that regulate health and social care professions should have a complaints procedure. It is good practice to provide service users with information on how to complain; this information should be readily accessible on health and social care premises.

Interest of Stakeholders and Copyright Law

Interest of Stakeholders and Copyright Law Introduction Copyright law has been developed into major issue when it comes to the interest between the stakeholders as the technologies today are evolving in decent speed. Copying an intellectual property without the authorisation of the owner is an infringement under the law of United Kingdom and European Union. Under European copyright law, art.2 of Directive 2001/29/EC stated that authors, producers and performers will possess the exclusive right for the reproduction of their own works.[1] However, when it comes to private copying, there is an exception under the directive with certain conditions. This could be said as the balance of the interest between the copyright owner and user of the products. A private copy is defined as any copy for non-commercial purposes neither directly or indirectly by a natural person for personal use.[2] The private copy exception is provided in the art.5(2)b of the DIRECTIVE 2001/29/EC, where Member States may provide for exceptions or limitations to the reproductions on any medium made by a natural person for private use and for ends that are neither directly nor indirectly commercial, the right holders receive fair compensation which takes account of the application or non-application of technological measures referred to in Article 6 to the work or subject-matter concerned; [3] The would permit someone to format shift (i.e. shift content from one format to another); or space-shift (i.e. move content to different personal devices or media); and back-up copies that they have acquired.[4] As a mechanism for fair compensation, 22 out of 27 European Union members have chosen to meet the requirement through a levy system[5] The fair compensation or the levy system of private copying mainly to compensate the copyright owner for the potential harms to their works due to private copying.[6] In Padawan SL v Sociedad General de Autores y Editores de Espana (SGAE), the court held that held that fair compensation is an autonomous concept of EU law which had to be interpreted uniformly in all the Member States that had introduced a private copying exception: although it is open to the Member States, pursuant to Article 5(2)(b) of Directive 2001/29, to introduce a private copying exception to the authors exclusive reproduction right laid down in European Union law, those Member States which make use of that option must provide for the payment of fair compensation to authors affected by the application of that exception. An interpretation according to which Member States which have introduced an identical exception of that kind, provided for by European Union law and including, as set out in recitals 35 and 38 in the preamble thereto the concept of fair compensation as an essential element, are free to determine the limits in an inconsistent and un-harmonised manner which may vary from one Member State to another, would be incompatible with the objective of that directive[7] The exception had to satisfy a three-step-test provided in art.5 of the Directive (also in Art.9.2 of the Berne Convention, Art.10 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty and Art.13 of the TRIPS Agreement).[8] The exception can only be applied in certain special cases which do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work or other subject-matter and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the right holder.[9] Legislators of Member States must take into account the criteria provided in the test when implementing the exception to the copyright in national legislation.[10] There are still uncertainties in the scope of this exception. When it comes to the second step of the test, the phrase normal exploitation remain as a broad and unclear concept. [11] To prevent most of the infringement of exploitation, the definition of the phrase need to be interpreted in clear and restrictive approach to limit certain range of exploitation of works. reference is often made to the WTO Panels report, in which the criterion of normal exploitation was deemed to involve consideration of the forms of exploitation that currently generate an income for the author as well as those which will be probably important in the future.[12] , it could impose a status quo and prevent any extension of exceptions to new situations unforeseen by the letter of the text, but which could derive from its spirit. On the other hand, reference to future exploitations runs the risk of paralyzing exceptions every time a technical evolution allows to control previously uncontrollable uses, and thus creates new possibilities for exploitation.[13] As concerns the control by right holders of the uses of their works through technical measures, this could even lead, in the long run, to the disappearance of limitations in the digital environment.[14] , a conflict with the normal exploitation can only occur if the author is deprived of a current or potential market of considerable economic and practical importance.[15] One of the issue regarding this point is that art.5(2)(b) didnt expressly state that whether the private copy exception only refer to copies from lawful sources, or involving the copies from illegal sources. Due to this uncertain area, the exception does not actual provide the copyright holders to authorise or prohibit the users from making a private copy. Nonetheless, the uncertainty could not be leading to the meaning of that the provision could demand the copyright holders to tolerate with the infringement of rights within private copy. This issue occurs in Netherland, where the Government of Netherland stated that the source of copy is irrelevant despite it is unlawful. The reason provided by the Government is that mere downloading is not a form of reproducing or making available. However, the Government held that the damages caused by illegal downloading to the copyright holder will be compensated by blank levies. The Government confirmed that only the act of uploading the unlawful content would be considered as an act of infringement, instead of mere downloading the work. The blank levies provided for illegal downloading could seen as protecting the interest of copyright holders as it would be practically impossible to enforce copyrights within the private copy area.[16] However, the legality of the sources of reproduction is matter to private copy exception. Court of Justice of European Union(CJEU) in the case of ACI Adam BV v Stichting de Thuiskopie [17]mentioned that Member States should not permitting private copy exception for any reproductions from unlawful sources as it could lead to negative impact on the functioning of the internal market[18]. In fact, tolerate to the unlawful distribution of illegal works would only legalize the act of infringement and will not minimising the act of illegal downloading. Thus, the CJEU said, art.5(2)(b) seek to ensure the proper functioning of the internal market and ensuring proper support for the dissemination of cultural works.[19] Why illegal downloading from unlawful sources shall not be legalised? First, legalising the act of illegal downloading would promote piracy, which would reduce the sales of the works from lawful sources and contravene the normal exploitation of works. Allowing illegal downloading would put the copyright holders in a position where they have to unreasonably tolerate the act of infringements, and this is clearly discriminating their legitimate interests.[20] To clearly distinguish copying from unlawful sources from private copy exception, the national legislators could achieve it by implementing a condition into the law that prohibit the acts of reproduction from the source that is obviously unlawful. [21] This approach has been taken by certain Member States to clarify the downloading act from unlawful sources not to be recognised as private copy. The German legislator expressly did in his first implementation act of the Directive (s.53(1) of the law of September 13, 2003, also called the first basket). Spain adopted a similar solution in the law of July 7, 2006, stating in Art.31.2 that the reproduction must be made from a legally accessed source to qualify as private copy. [22] Still today, it remains uncertain whether private copying is a mere defence or is actually enforceable against undue restrictions[23]. In fact, even where private copying is statutorily permitted, right holders may foreclose its exercise by relying upon technological protection measures or through licensing terms. To develop this interesting thesis more in detail, as the perspective adopted is mainly an EU one, it would have been interesting to include a discussion on the history behind the drafting of art.5 of the InfoSoc Directive (this is the relevant provision on copyright exceptions and limitations, including private copying).[24] However, the problem with the three-step test is probably to be found elsewhere: in the Directive of 2001. There, the test seems to be addressed not only to the national legislature but also to national judges.36 This gives it a broader scope than in the international conventions.37 Judges may be required to examine whether the application of a limitation in a specific case respects the conditions of Art.5.5. National courts in Europe have already analysed the application of national limitations to copyright in the light of the three-step test.38 Indeed, it is difficult to dispute judicial reliance on the test where it has been implemented in national law.39 The danger of such an approach is obvious: the private copy is at risk of being challenged by judges. Its scope risks dramatic reduction. The decision of February 28, 2006 of the French Supreme Court delivers an outstanding example.40 In this much commentated decision, the Supreme Court applied for the first time Art.5.5 of the directive in order to overcome the application of an exception in favour of a technical protection measure, arguing abstractly and generally that the private copy of a DVD conflicts with the normal exploitation of the work, without providing a definition of this term at any time.41 To avoid such misuse of the test, some guidelines *E.I.P.R. 128 for the judges of how to interpret the test in a more balanced way should urgently be worked out. The Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property and the Queen Mary University of London jointly put in place a working group of European scholars that are currently working on this issue.42 Private Copy Exception in United Kingdom Copyright law in the United Kingdom has been evolving in recent years and the changes started to get significant since the Gowers Review of 2006 and the Hargreaves Review of 2011, gathering pace with the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013.[25] The report in Hargreaves Review of intellectual property and the digital market in May 2011, recommend that the UK should implement the exception to ensure that the law kept up with digital copyright use.[26] For the first time, the UK legislator had implement the private copy exception into the national law. The exception was introduced by s.28B of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act(CDPA) of 1988. This section of CDPA was enforced on October 1, 2014.[27] The new act implemented only allow copy from lawful sources for private purpose of individual concerned only. This exception does not include the passing of copy to family and friends which was allowed in the Directive. Such an exception would permit people legally to copy any work that they had access to and it would be easy to obtain copies of works without paying for them.[28] As to the narrower implementation, the Government stated that such implementation would cause no more than minimal or zero harm to the copyright holders. Based on this condition, there were no compensation provided for copyright holders in S.28B CDPA by the UK Government.[29] Problem with S.28B of CDPA The exception provided by the Directive allow the passing of copies to family or friend but the exception implemented in UK legislation prohibited such act. Professor Hargreaves suggested the Government should introduce an exception to allow individuals to make copies for their own use and that of their immediate family on different media. Importantly, Professor Hargreaves thought that the question of compensation was wrapped up in the copyright holders freedom to choose an appropriate price: Rights-holders will be free to pursue whatever compensation the market will provide by taking account of consumers freedom to act in this way and by setting prices accordingly.[30] The biggest issue in the S.28B of CDPA is that the fair compensation as provided by the directive is not implemented into the exception. Based on the directive, fair compensation to the copyright holders only could be exempt if the damage caused would be de minimis or minimal. [31]However, the UK Government commissioned a research study and impact assessment that showed the harm that would likely cause to the copyright holders due to the private copying acts permitted in S.28B of CDPA would be minimal. The main reason is that the exception only applies to rightfully acquired copies which the copyright holders would receive the sufficient remuneration at the sales of the works, which the compensation was already priced in.[32] Quashing of S.28B CDPA The exception introduced by UK Government had been challenged after it had been introduced by British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors, Musicians Union and UK Music 2009 Limited. The parties had applied for judicial review on the newly introduced exception on the basis that it failed to provide fair compensation as in the Directive to the copyright holders which would be unlawful.[33] The main issue leads to the quashing of the Regulation is that whether there is evidence of the harm to the copyright holders which would be minimal to determine that compensation scheme is not required as provided by the Regulation.[34] The judge reviewed the evidence provided in Governments Updated Impact Assessment and stated that evidence to prove the harm is minimal do not meet the satisfactory level.[35] The judge also criticised the IPO Research Report provided as evidence that lack of consumer surveys, price analysis and comparative analysis with other Member States.[36] How the Exception Affect the Interest of Stakeholders When it comes to the interest of the copyright holders, we would straight pinpoint to the fair compensation issue. The reproductions of works are getting easier and wider due to advancement of technology. As downloading from unlawful sources would not be considered as private copying, CJEU in its decision in ACI Adam stated that the levy system would not be applied to illegal downloading from unlawful sources.[37] Such development had great impact on certain countries which dont distinguish between lawful and unlawful sources for private copy exception. [38] However, as large part of copies made online from unlawful sources, the levy system should be implemented to compensate such condition as only compensating copies made from lawful resources would left the copyright holders to bear the losses. Copyright holders had to prosecute the users to get remuneration for copies from unlawful sources. Such approach does not balance the interest of copyright holders if the users continue to access the unlawful sources instead of the legal online services provided.[39] Distinguishing illegal downloading from the exception would make the law serves better, but it taken away the minimum damages to be suffered by the copyright holder as online piracy and illegal downloading would not reduce merely due to removing such act from private copy exception. The decease of compensation for copyright holders would not be a reasonable solution as private copying is increasing. The interest of the copyright holders would be harmed due to such limitation instead of getting protected.[40] Recent Development In Entidad de Gestion de Derechos de los Productores Audiovisuales (EGEDA) v Administracion del Estado, the funding scheme of Spanish for private copy exception was criticised by the ECJ, where the court held that the scheme does not guarantee the cost of such compensation would solely bear by the user who made private copy.[41] In Case C-521/11 Amazon.com (11th July 2013) at paragraph [20], in relation to the person who has to pay, the Court confirmed that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦since the provisions of Directive 2001/29 do not expressly address the issue of who is to pay that compensation, the Member States enjoy broad discretion when determining who must discharge that obligation[42] However, the ECJ held that the Copyright Directive shall precludes budgetary scheme such as the scheme established in Spain to work as fair compensation to the copyright holders due to the private copy of their works as such scheme would involve a legal person who did not conduct such reproduction to bear the funding with those who make reproduction of works for private purpose. As the scheme could not guarantee the cost of that fair compensation is ultimately borne solely by the users of who make private copies, it shall not be treated as the fair compensation to the copyright holders even though Member States have the discretion to determine the legal person to bear such obligation.[43] [1] European Competition Law Review 2011 Case Comment Copying levies: moving towards harmonisation? The European Court rules on the concept of fair compensation for rightholders Bill Batchelor Tom Jenkins Matthew Butter [2] International Survey on Private Copying Law Practice 2015 [3] Art. 5(2)b of DIRECTIVE 2001/29/EC [4] Paragraph 91 R. (on the application of British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors) v Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills Queens Bench Division (Administrative Court) [5] https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/310183/ipresearch-faircomp-201110.pdf [6] Entertainment Law Review 2009 Finland: copyright Mikko Manner [7] Paragraph 36 Padawan SL v Sociedad General de Autores y Editores de Espana (SGAE) (C-467/08) [8] European Intellectual Property Review 2008 The answer to the machine should not be the machine: safeguarding the private copy exception in the digital environment Christophe Geiger [9] Art. 5(5) of DIRECTIVE 2001/29/EC [10] Refer to no.8 [11]Refer to no.8 [12] THE ROLE OF THE THREE-STEP TEST IN THE ADAPTATION OF COPYRIGHT LAW TO THE INFORMATION SOCIETY Christophe Geiger [13] In this sense also M. Buydens and S. Dusollier, Les exceptions au droit dauteur : à ©volutions dangereuses: Comm. com. à ©lectr. Sept. 2001, p. 13; J. C. Ginsburg (prec. note 20), p. 48, which underlines the risk that the traditionally free uses, such as for training purposes or parody, be considered as normal exploitations, supposing that right holders manage to implement a profitable collecting system. [14] See also in this sense M. Buydens and S. Dusollier (prec. note 30), p. 12. For more developments, see C. Geiger (prec. note 8), n ° 418 and s. [15] International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law 2006 The private copy exception, an area of freedom (temporarily) preserved in the digital environment Christophe Geiger [16] Entertainment Law Review 2008 Case Comment Netherlands: copyright home copying Diederik Stols [17] ACI Adam BV v Stichting de Thuiskopie [18] Entertainment Law Review 2014 Case Comment Private copying levies, illegal online sources and the private use defence: Case C-435/12 ACI Adam BV v Stichting de Thuiskopie1 Kirsten Toft [19] Refer to no.18 [20] International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law 2015 Case Comment Private copying and downloading from unlawful sources Joao Pedro Quintais [21] Refer to no.8 [22] Refer to no.8 [23] European Intellectual Property Review 2013 Publication Review Private Copying: The Scope of User Freedom in EU Digital Copyright Stavroula Karapapa Reviewed by Eleonora Rosati* [24] [25] Entertainment Law Review 2015 Case Comment You say you want a revolution: judicial review of the UKs private copying exception James Sead Rebecca Pakenham-Walsh [26] European Intellectual Property Review 2015 Case Comment A pause in private copying: judicial review holds the UK private copying exception to be unlawful because there was no evidence to support the decision not to provide compensation to rights holders Joel Smith Heather Newton* [27] s.28B of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988 [28] Para 71 R. (on the application of British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors) v Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills Queens Bench Division (Administrative Court) [29] European Intellectual Property Review 2015 Case Comment A pause in private copying: judicial review holds the UK private copying exception to be unlawful because there was no evidence to support the decision not to provide compensation to rights holders Joel Smith Heather Newton* [30] Paragraph 53 of R. (on the application of British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors) v Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills Queens Bench Division (Administrative Court) [31] Recital (35) of Directive 2001/29/EC [32] European Intellectual Property Review 2015 A comparative study on the reproduction by natural persons for private use exception to copyright in the UK and France Myriam Otaola Allende* [33] European Intellectual Property Review 2015 Case Comment A pause in private copying: judicial review holds the UK private copying exception to be unlawful because there was no evidence to support the decision not to provide compensation to rights holders Joel Smith Heather Newton* [34] Entertainment Law Review 2015 Case Comment You say you want a revolution: judicial review of the UKs private copying exception James Seadon* Rebecca Pakenham-Walsh [35] European Intellectual Property Review 2015 Case Comment A pause in private copying: judicial review holds the UK private copying e

Prosopagnosia: Seeing the World through Fog-Colored Glasses :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Prosopagnosia: Seeing the World through Fog-Colored Glasses With impressive consistency, the visual system, along with each accompanying component that in sum total constitutes a person, develops without error. Patterns of input impinge on complex layers of cells, with the resulting neural interpretation allowing us to negotiate the spatial world around us such that we may avoid causing harm to ourselves or to others. Various devices and techniques have been devised to allow those who are not equipped with a similarly functioning visual system to escape natural selection's discerning grasp. However, various gradations of dysfunction exist between perfect and no vision, which complicate the life of the person suffering from these disorders no less. The disorder prosopagnosia, in particular, otherwise known as "face blindness," causes a crippling deficit in a person's ability to recognize faces (1, 2, 3, 6, 7). It is a somewhat ill understood and deceiving phenomenon. Those individuals suffering from prosopagnosia are able to see perfectly well , to the extent that their perception of visual stimuli is not impaired. However, when presented with a person's face, they are utterly unable to recall having seen that face or having interacted with the person attached to it. Some people would make the distinction between prosopagnosia and facial agnosia (4, 8), with the former applying only to familiar faces while the latter applies more generally to prevent the recognition of any faces. While this might suggest memory impairment as a possible cause, evidence for perceptual deficits has been consistent (4), thereby refuting the notion that these individuals are simply not able to remember people they have encountered. Specifically, the locus of damage that results in prosopagnosia appears to be the medial occipitotemporal cortex (4), though the disorder may be congenital or acquired (2). Lesions in this somewhat posterior and deeply embedded region of the brain, suggested by some researchers to be bilateral in the instance of this disorder, would be consistent with the presented deficits in perception. However there are certain elements of the research and the disorder which seem counterintuitive. For instance, that these "face blind" individuals only ci te difficulty in recognizing familiar faces suggests that the problem may be more than just perceptual. Furthermore, there is separate evidence suggesting that visual processing occurs on a unilateral level (4), and that stimuli are perceived contralaterally. This orientation does not preclude a bilateral lesioning being at the root of prosopagnosia, however it does offer some complicating factors.

a prayer fo owen meany :: essays research papers

A Critique of A Prayer For Owen Meany   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the novel written by John Irving, A Prayer For Owen Meany, the protagonist, Owen Meany, developed an unusual religious significance. Owen experienced visions of future events, he had a unique type of faith in God that is unusual of most people, and he speaks endlessly to inform people about God. Throughout Owen’s life he demonstrated the same characteristics as a prophet through his actions and his words.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Similar to a prophet, Owen was given precognitive powers that allowed him to see into the future. Owen’s first prophecy came to him on New Years Eve in 1953 during the community production of â€Å"A Christmas Carol†. The most obvious inference concerning the play was that Owen played the part of the ghost of Christmas yet to come. Owen had dehumanized this character to the point that children were leaving the theater crying and some were even wetting their pants. Both of them were told their futures, however Scrooge made and effort to change his, where as Owen did not. Owen’s revelation came through a vision he experienced during the graveyard scene of the play. He immediately fainted following the vision. The curtains went down, and members of the production all ran to help Owen. Owen believed he had seen his name on a gravestone along with the date of his death and no one could convince him otherwise. The fact that he was correct about the date of his death confirmed that he had visions and confirmed his qualities of being a prophet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A prophet uses his visions to not only prove they have powers, but also to benefit others. The second prophecy came to Owen in his dreams when he envisioned the reason and the way   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schaefer 2 his life would end. Owen wrote his dream in his diary. No one realized how detailed and precise it really was until they read it for themselves. Owen stated in his diary,† The way they look at me, I know two things. I know I saved them-I don’t know how. And I know that they’re afraid for me.† The entries in his diary revealed that he died saving Vietnamese children. God died for others too; this is why he is considered a true hero. (Sebsteph 1) A prophet uses their prophecies to benefit the world or allow people to learn from their visions and this is a prime example of this.

Joining the Military Essay

Joining the military can be a great experience for some people, but for others it can be a terrible mistake. People enlist in the military for a variety of reasons. Some soldiers enlist to serve their country, just for the challenge and adventure, to see parts of the country or world that they wouldn’t have otherwise gotten the chance to see, to stay out of trouble, to pay for a college education, or simply because it is a steady income in a hard economy. Joining the military for me was both a great experience and a terrible mistake. I first enlisted in the Army National Guard when I was junior in high school. I joined because I thought that it would be a great way to pay for my education and still experience all the adventure of the military while serving my country at the same time. I went to Oklahoma and Virginia for training, got to see Iceland, an island in Portugal, and Germany two times, and ended up stationed at Fort Drum when I went active duty. Getting to meet people from all over and learning the variety of skills needed to be a soldier were some of the greatest experiences that I have ever had. Joining the military can end up being a pretty big mistake for many. When I joined I was really didn’t understand what a person has to give up to be a soldier. My obligations to my state and country prevented me from getting into college when I had originally planned. As a result I ended up not continuing my education for another thirteen years. Realizing that a military family isn’t so much a family unit as it is a single parent home with an occasional helper was the point when I knew that becoming a soldier was a mistake for me. I have learned that the reasons for joining the military may vary but don’t matter. It is more about what each individual person is willing to give up that ultimately determines the experience that one has.

Complying with International Accounting Standards

Title: Contrast and compare the method and footing upon which Nike Corporation studies on foreign currency deductions in footings of IAS 21 and all other relevant IAS IFAS ordinances. In the event if the company reports harmonizing to international criterions, discourse the deductions in relation to the criterions applied in the Home state of the corporation. Introduction Globally, there are figure of accounting criterions, most of all, two primary accounting criterions are International Accounting Standards implemented by the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) and the Generally Accepted Accounting Practice of the USA, which is implemented by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ( FASB ) . Accounting Standards are set of accounting regulations that govern the manner in how the histories ( fiscal statements ) of a corporation is displayed At an international degree, it is the duty of The International Federation of Accountants ( IFAC ) to regulate accounting organic structures in regard of conformity with accounting criterions. The aim of the federation is to â€Å"develop and heighten world-wide accounting profession with consonant standards†1 and integrated coordination within the profession. Where a concern has an international dimension, it must adhere and follow with the international accounting criterions. In add-on, conformity with IAS will help international concerns and international investors to interpret the relevant accounting information of the internationally trading concern. For illustration, to contrast a Gallic company with an Australian company it is needed for each company to expose their accounting information in an suitably comparable method. DEFINITION OF IAS IAS include a figure of criterions, each criterions trades with assorted accounting issues associating to foreign minutess and other minutess that do non hold a domestic component and therefore necessitate to be regulated at an international degree. International Accounting Standard 21 is used for the prescription of the standard signifier of including foreign currency minutess and foreign operations in the company’s fiscal statement. Additionally, it prescribes the interlingual rendition of fiscal statements into a presentation currency. The troubles underscoring this rule are finding the employment of an exchange rate and the describing the effects of alterations in exchange rates in the fiscal statements. Following are some of the cardinal accounting nomenclature used under IAS 21.8: Functional currency/measurement currencyis the currency of the primary economic environment in the legal residence of company’s operation. Presentation currency is the currency in which fiscal statements are presented. Exchange difference is the difference ensuing from a transition of certain units of a one currency into another currency at a different exchange rate. Foreign operation relates to the activities that are based in another state other than the coverage endeavor this include a subordinate of the parent company, associate, joint venture or a subdivision. The measuring and presentation of fiscal statements under IAS 21 was superseded by IAS 21 ( revised 2003 ) ; this alteration is the effect of the effects of alterations in Foreign Exchange Rates. This was effectual on one-year fiscal periods get downing on or after 1stJanuary 2005. ISA 17 requires that revenue enhancement related issues must be compiled in fiscal histories in conformity with the IAS by exposing assets taken on rentals on the balance sheet 2. Under IAS 29.39 ( B ) and 40 corporations are under duty to place the use of methodological analysis in using IAS 29 as a revelation policy of the accounting criterions 3. ISA 39 is used for the measurement and valuing assets and fiscal liabilities that in foreign currency. ISA 21 concerns the exchange rates in change overing foreign currency fiscal assets and liabilities into national currency by utilizing the end-month exchange currency rate 4. APPLICABILITY OF IAS International Accounting Standards are set of elaborate list of regulations prepared for comptrollers and companies for the conformity in the production of accounting statements. International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) under ( SIC 30.7-14 ) permits some endeavors in other states in a hyperinflationary environment like the USA to utilize USA dollar other than utilizing the measurement currency. In the event that a corporation applies this allowance, the corporation must guarantee that impacts of hyperinflation are suitably addressed ( ISA 21.36 ) 5. However, must follow the right process by repeating the local-currency IFRS fiscal statements to the mensurating unit current at the balance sheet day of the month [ IAS29.7-8 ] [ SIC-19.5-9 ] , so, utilizing the year-end exchange rate, to interpret the fiscal statements into the stable currency for all periods presented. SIC 19 articulated that the commissariats for fiscal information must be utile to reflect the pecuniary kernel of the cardinal events and fortunes that are relevant to that company. Furthermore, the use of currency to mensurate points in the fiscal statement must be tailored to supply information sing the company. The measuring of foreign currency points must be treated as foreign currency in the fiscal statement and the construing of fiscal statement. Inevitably, there are no commissariats under the International Accounting Standard 19 for corporation to randomly take to accommodate steps for the turning away of repeating fiscal statements that are treated in the currency of a â€Å"hyperinflationary economy† . Hyperinflationary economic system has the undermentioned component: the accretion of non-economical assets in a stable foreign currency ; the look of well stable foreign currency is known as a financial sum, these being capital goods, rewards and rent. Price index interconnects to pricing, pay of workers and the involvement rates. Under IAS 29.3 ( a ) ( vitamin E ) the cumulative rising prices rate over three old ages will near or transcend 100 % . Finally, the pricing of recognition gross revenues are measured in a manner that compensates for the awaited loss of dickering power during the recognition period. As an illustration, lets assume that a British company as a step of its points in the fiscal statement uses the British lb as an appropriate currency under the IAS 21. In add-on, the company restates the same fiscal statements under the rule of IAS 29, which the fortunes indicate that the British lb is the currency of â€Å"hyperinflationary economy† . On the contrary, the company is non precluded from change overing the fiscal statements to be presented in Gallic francs. AMERICAN STANDARDS The Generally Accepted Accounting Practice ( USA ) is the accounting criterions that are used with the United States of America to regulate USA corporations. These criterions are distinctively different from IAS as â€Å"U.S. accounting criterions have become â€Å"rules-based, † filled with specific inside informations in an effort to turn to as many possible eventualities as possible†6. Subsequent to the execution of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in an effort to turn to the job, required the SEC to analyze the practicableness of a principles-based accounting system. It was concluded that, feasibleness of a principles-based attack could reflect minutess at a true economic substance 7. Within the USA legal power there is a local monopoly for the authorship of fiscal coverage criterions for public companies. The statutory authorization over fiscal coverage criterions is vested in the Securities Exchange Commission ( SEC ) and the authorship criterions are delegated to the Financial Accounting Standards Board ( FASB ) . Most USA based corporation use the Generally Accepted Accounting Practice. In the initial contemplation of criterions, GAAP is principles-based systems that pose troubles, which tend to originate when specific criterions come up for consideration. However, non-adoption of cosmopolitan criterions of accounting have caused great troubles to build the cost and benefits of typical and consonant fiscal coverage to get at efficient solutions. In add-on, this has created farther jobs for users of fiscal information because of the complexness in understanding the fiscal statements of abroad corporations. However, there is concrete grounds that figure of states use the USA accounting criterions as a benchmark to manner criterions appropriate for their ain economic system. It is articulated that the Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) , the FASB and the SEC are the best patterns in the universe. This is the ground environing USA determination non to accommodate cosmopolitan accounting criterions. In add-on, U.S. permits companies to accommodate to looser By and large Accepted Accounting Principles. In the contrary, the president of the SEC and the FASB and IASB have reached a consensus in 2002 on working together toward a greater convergence between U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and international accounting criterions. International Standard International Accounting Standards are used in fixing fiscal studies. It was the Lisbon Council of European Union ( EU ) to advance a sole, lasting and liquid fiscal market by the version and enforcement of a individual and united set of fiscal coverage criterions. The intent of the ISA was to set up and continue quality criterions for all individuals who used such fiscal information. The acknowledgment of the heightening globalization made tremendous demands for a better and higher quality international accounting criterions. The European Commission favoured the proposals for IAS and challenged the SEC determination to disapprove the use of ISA in the USA markets. SEC concerns over the possible acceptance of ISA was in regard of the jobs that may originate by the non-correspondence of histories between different corporations may put some companies at a disadvantage with their opposite numbers. CONFLICTING Practices In June 2001, the displaying of trade names and other rational belongings on the balance sheet of USA based corporations was titivated under the USA GAAP ( Generally Accepted Accounting Practice ) . This was the consequence of a proficient differentiation in accounting policies of USA GAAP and IFRS ; the differentiations were in relation to the amortization of good will, negative good will and hedge accounting 8. Although, the overruling benefit of using IFRS is comparable to USA based corporations. Once, the users of accounting information such as investors, stockholders and other corporation faced intensive troubles in trying to construe and understand histories of abroad companies due to the use of diverse pecuniary linguistic communication. But the current accounting policies of IFRS purposes to turn to and help in the determination doing procedure of those who are effected by accounting policies and possible investors. Huge figure of corporation are faced with figure of trouble in regard of taking the right signifier of accounting criterion. Predominantly, big figure of USA companies, autumn into this class ; the ground behind this being that USA has its accounting criterions that are non parallel with the international accounting criterions. This conflicting factor between the two accounting patterns render it incompatible for USA companies like Nike to do commissariats taking to follow with both accounting patterns. However, in accounting pattern this is impracticable and impracticable unless an endeavor compiles two sets of histories that comply with both patterns. To turn to this conflicting domination on many investors and others likewise, USA committee is coming to footings with accepting the demand for high quality fiscal coverage model. As the turning insensitiveness in globalization of companies and for the protection of the activities and involvement of investors, loaners and companies, the Commission is heightening its engagement in a figure of forums to set up a universally accepted fiscal coverage model 9. However, the SEC’s supervising and disposal for the equity of fiscal studies submitted by corporations will go on under the competitory government. At present, non much revelation on societal and environmental issues is required of US companies in contrast to demands emerging in Europe and elsewhere around the universe. However, a former legal research in 1999 by Williams suggested that the SEC coherently has the authorization to necessitate such revelations. The job being that insufficient action has been taken to implement a authorization for societal and environmental revelations by companies in the USA. US companies are neglecting to describe on environmental and societal tendencies and events that possess material impact. Consequent to the findings of a research on non-compliance with revelation regulations ; Sarbanes-Oxley attempted to better the rightness of fiscal studies and ethical criterions of companies † 10. Problems exist in this country because of â€Å"t oo many different criterions, increasing costs of coverage, fright because of Kasky v. Nike, inquiries about materiality, and the fact that confirmation procedures are immature†11. NIKE CORPORATION Nike is one of the top athleticss retails in the universe ; the company’s aim is to make concern with contrast mills that persistently illustrate conformity with Nike’s criterions and that operates in a lawful mode. Nike is the lone company that has created its ain criterions, programmes and activities to place reference and study issues of conformity in contract mills to assist find development. Presently, there are no industry-accepted indexs for mensurating Next’s public presentation. Neither there are any standard coverage conditions in regard of contract mills, which can be by and large accepted. However, Nike has its ain creative activity of mensurating its ain criterions, programmes and activities to place reference and study issues of conformity in contract mills. The concerns over whether Following Corporation complies with any accounting criterions is an unreciprocated inquiry. Another cause of concern is that â€Å"the hearers besides use questionable research methods, of which Nike merely makes the consequences public that do non harm its reputation†12. Over the old ages Nike had been capable to case in relation to its legal duty over the conformity of its providers with local labor Torahs and the accounting patterns that were used to immune its repute. These sorts of allegations will necessarily form on the heads of consumers. Then the â€Å"Nike ‘s success, like that of so many modern companies, is all about keeping trade name values and the value of the brand†13. Fortunately, engineering is at manus to assist companies pull off this hard undertaking. Clearly, unless staff have the necessary preparation and accomplishment non merely to execute their responsibilities aptly but besides in conformity with the company ‘s ethical and concern criterions, good administration and conformity will non be achieved. That applies merely every bit much to providers as it does to the primary trade name proprietor – and it goes right to the bosom of good corporate administration 14. In 2003, Nike adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement 142 for the appraisal of its Goodwill and other touchable assets 15. In relation to the revelation of sections of an endeavor and related information, Nike has adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No131 ( 16 ) . However, far from over these steps are merely in conformity with the USA GAAP and non with the IAS. NIKE’S Accounting Policy Harmonizing to the accommodations on the fiscal statements of Nike, there were accommodations associating to the transition and interlingual rendition of foreign functional currencies into USA Dollars. This is reflected by the inclusion of the accommodations of foreign currency interlingual renditions and a constituent of accretion of the comprehensive income/losses in shareholders’ equity. It is apparent from Nike’s histories, that the coevals of transactional income and losingss as an effectual facet of accounting of foreign exchange on the recording of assets and liabilities of the company is denominated in a typical currency other than the currency that is applicable for the company are recorded in other disbursals. However, the inside informations of these generational minutess are non recorded in the period of their happening. However, under IAS 29, 26 and 30 it is required to describe the consequence of hyperinflation, which must be restated in footings of the mensurating unit current at the balance sheet day of the month. That the historical cost income statement by and large recognises grosss and disbursals at monetary values current at the dealing day of the month. Nonetheless, IAS provide a degree of flexibleness in following different accounting standards17. Already, Nike was capable to figure of cases because of its falsified information on its histories ensuing from the intervention of labour workers around the universe. The legal proceedings in June 2003 involved allegations that Nike made â€Å"false statements in public dealingss materials† 18. The troubles underscoring for Nike in the adoptability and conformity with a chosen set of accounting criterions is that Nike has operations in the USA as its legal residence of abode ; therefore, Nike is required to adhere to USA GAAP. In other words, the obstruction caused by conformity with USA GAAP means that Nike can non pick to roll up its fiscal studies in conformity with the IAS. Nike represents fiscal statements in USA dollars instead than the measurement currency but it guarantee that the impact of hyperinflation under ISA 21.36 is adequately dealt with in the fiscal statements. This enables Nike to do conformity steps for GAAP and IAS 21. Supervision OF COMPLIANCE WITH ACCOUNTING STANDARDS In the USA, it is the duty of the SEC to oversee corporations on their conformity of the accounting criterions. In the event of unjust coverage, the SEC will go on to raise inquiries with the corporations and their hearers. A corporation will be capable to disciplinary action in the event of a failure to follow with the altered coverage or auditing triggered by the unfairness in describing. In the event of relentless unfairness and non-compliance regardless of the conformity of studies to the adapted set of fiscal criterions, the SEC ( regulator ) will bespeak the incorporators of the accounting criterions to undertake the quandary. Disciplinary action against USA hearers are functioned and segmented among the authorities and self-regulatory administrations both at federal and province degrees. Where a USA corporation adapts International Accounting Standards, SEC has the authorization to necessitate that corporation to obtain an accounting study audited by the hearers who are capable to a regulative government that is acceptable to the SEC. However, if a corporation failed to follow with accounting criterions and have produced deceitful histories misdirecting investors and other history users so the corporation’s comptrollers are capable to condemnable liability. The treatments in 2004 over the Parmalat dirt due to non-compliance with accounting criterions made Accounting Bodies realise that â€Å"fraud knows no national boundaries† Donaldson. Furthermore, he added â€Å"the lesson from Parmalat is a lesson for the demand of cooperation between United States and regulators around the universe that is precisely what we are naming for now† 19. Decision Despite of troubles arise by figure of typical accounting criterions, there are besides advantages behind the devilling frame ; the handiness of different accounting criterions has made gradual and steady betterments in the efficiency of corporate administration and in the apprehension and construing of company histories. However, on the other terminal of the spectrum, there were and presently are underscoring troubles in the use of different accounting criterions. First, there are issues that are cause for concern particularly the issue of retreating corporations to taking to follow accounting criterions from a wide scope of picks instead than modulating on the domestic pattern of accounting criterions and curtailing the adoptability of other criterions. There are typical differences between the accounting criterions at an international degree and USA degree, this renders it intensive for most international companies that wish to hold operation or those that already have operations and those corporation that intend to raise financess in the USA capital market as they are required to adhere to the USA GAAP. This same quandary includes Nike Corporation as it has USA operations. 1Fiscal Reporting Alexander D and Britton A 2002 6Thursdayedt p159 2hypertext transfer protocol: //www.newagebd.com/2005/jan/27/busi.html 3hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pwcglobal.com/Extweb/service.nsf/0/5A7896B9AA1585B785256C76005A20C0? opendocument # nine 4hypertext transfer protocol: //forum.europa.eu.int/irc/dsis/accstat/info/data/en/IAS and ESA95.htm 5hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pwcglobal.com/Extweb/service.nsf/0/5A7896B9AA1585B785256C76005A20C0? opendocument 6hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nysscpa.org/cpajournal/2004/804/essentials/p34.htm 7hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sec.gov/news/studies/soxoffbalancerpt.pdf 8hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bcccc.net/index.cfm? fuseaction=Page.viewPage & A ; pageId=1172 & A ; nodeID=3 & A ; parentID=1170 & A ; grandparentID=885 9hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nysscpa.org/cpajournal/2004/804/essentials/p34.htm 10hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bcccc.net/index.cfm? fuseaction=Page.viewPage & A ; pageId=1172 & A ; nodeID=3 & A ; parentID=1170 & A ; grandparentID=885 11Williams, Cynthia A. 1999. The Securities and Exchange Commission and Corporate Social Transparency. Harvard Law Review, 1197, 1998-1999, 112: 1197-1298. 12hypertext transfer protocol: //forum.europa.eu.int/irc/dsis/accstat/info/data/en/IAS and ESA95.htm 13hypertext transfer protocol: //www.atkisson.com/wavefront/wavefront03.html 14hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cleanclothes.org/companies/nikecase.htm 15hypertext transfer protocol: //www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release? id=125570 16hypertext transfer protocol: //biz.yahoo.com/e/050406/nke10-q.html 17hypertext transfer protocol: //forum.europa.eu.int/irc/dsis/accstat/info/data/en/IAS and ESA95.htm 18hypertext transfer protocol: //www.citizenworks.org/news/index.php? id=119 19Meeting in Brussels 2004 Bibliography TEXT BOOK Fiscal Reporting Alexander D and Britton A 2002 6Thursdayedt Financial Times Prentice Hall Williams, Cynthia A. 1999. The Securities and Exchange Commission and Corporate Social Transparency. Harvard Law Review, 1197, 1998-1999, 112: 1197-1298. Web sites hypertext transfer protocol: //www.newagebd.com/2005/jan/27/busi.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pwcglobal.com/Extweb/service.nsf/0/5A7896B9AA1585B785256C76005A20C0? opendocument # nine hypertext transfer protocol: //forum.europa.eu.int/irc/dsis/accstat/info/data/en/IAS and ESA95.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pwcglobal.com/Extweb/service.nsf/0/5A7896B9AA1585B785256C76005A20C0? opendocument hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sec.gov/news/studies/soxoffbalancerpt.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bcccc.net/index.cfm? fuseaction=Page.viewPage & A ; pageId=1172 & A ; nodeID=3 & A ; parentID=1170 & A ; grandparentID=885 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nysscpa.org/cpajournal/2004/804/essentials/p34.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //forum.europa.eu.int/irc/dsis/accstat/info/data/en/IAS and ESA95.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.atkisson.com/wavefront/wavefront03.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cleanclothes.org/companies/nikecase.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release? id=125570 hypertext transfer protocol: //biz.yahoo.com/e/050406/nke10-q.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.citizenworks.org/news/index.php? id=119 Meeting in Brussels 2004

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Essay

A motive is a specific need or drive that arouses you and directs your behavior toward a certain goal. Emotion refers to the experience of feelings, (such as fear, sadness, happiness, etc) which also affects behavior. They push us to take some kind of action whether we are aware of it or not. Psychologists have put these behaviors into 3 categories: Arousal Theory, Drive-Reduction Theory, and Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation (Morris, 2012). Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation Shannon comes to work every day on time. She does her job as assigned, works hard, takes on challenging tasks to improve performance, and ensures that this is noticed by others. She is very clear about the expectations for her position as well as the criteria for evaluation. During annual evaluations, she hopes her evaluation scores are high enough for her to be eligible for a merit raise. One of her primary goals for this year is to be nominated for the employee of the year at the company’s annual dinner, which comes with both a preferred parking and a cash bonus. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation may increase Shannon’s motivation because it motivates her to see others see her doing a good job and this behavior can be defined as intrinsic motivation because of the praise she gets from others. Her behavior is also motivated by the goal of being employee of the year, which comes with rewards and this can be defined as extrinsic motivation. Although Shannon enjoys her job the motivation of an award is what motivates her the most. She is motivated extrinsically by the rewards she may receive for her behavior at work, therefore her intrinsic motivation and sense of responsibility for her behavior are likely to increase. The Arousal theory may decrease Shannon’s motivation because she doesn’t need to be stimulated to do her job, and there are no incentives in the end to reward her for a job well done. She is not seeking a thrill for her behavior; she will perform better with praise and rewards (Morris, 2012). Arousal Theory Joe enjoys coming to work each day. He finds pleasure in the outcome of his work. He believes his work helps others. He seeks out new ways to make his work more effective, and often initiates new work projects. He likes to stay busy throughout the day. He sometimes has a hard time if there is not enough work to do. He has no desire to leave the organization and would like to continue to be promoted within the company as he gains experience. The Arousal Theory can best motivate Joe because he is a thrill seeker and is motivated by the challenge of seeking new ways to make his work more effective. Joe is a sensation seeker and without it he will become bored with his work. He needs to keep his arousal at an optimum level in order to be productive. The Drive- Reduction theory may decrease Joe’s motivation because it’s the drive that keeps him going. Homeostasis or balance may not be enough excitement for him, and will lower his motivation and ambition at work. His primary and secondary drives are already established by his work performance, and his reward is the knowledge he has gained (Morris, 2012). These achievement-oriented behaviors can be very useful in the work place because everyone need a motive to do a good job. An employee can motivate by giving new challenges to a bored employee whose job has become routine and boring like in the Arousal Theory, or by giving incentives such as praise and bonuses as mentioned in the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Theory. Once an employer observe an individual’s behavior and work ethics they can decide which method will best motivate their employee to do a good job and enjoy it as well (Morris, 2012). References Morris,C. (2012). Understanding Psychology( 10th ed.).